Georgian architecture is the name given to the set of architectural styles that were used between 1714 and 1830. It is named after the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover, namely George I, George II, George III, and George IV, who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The great Georgian cities of the British Isles were Edinburgh, Bath, Dublin, prior to its independence and London, and to a lesser extent York and Bristol. These Georgian buildings made great use of clay roof tiles, which gave the properties a more attractive and robust roof that was able to withstand the harsh elements better than the alternatives.
The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture. In the United States the term Georgian is generally used to describe all buildings from the period, regardless of style; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are architectural in intention, and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the Georgian period.
The Georgian style is extremely variable, but most well known for its symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome, as revived in Renaissance architecture. Building ornament is also normally in the classical tradition, but often quite restrained, and sometimes almost completely missing on the exterior of the building. The Georgian period brought the style of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before, replacing the standard English architecture for almost all new middle class homes and public buildings by the end of the period. The desire to have Georgian styling and Georgian roof tiles has grown over recent years, as home buyers and builders have recognised how sought after this periods style has become.
Georgian architecture is generally characterised by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with uniformly cut stonework, was strongly approved, adhering to symmetry and the recognised classical rules.The lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before John Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles. Regularity of housefronts along a street was a very desirable feature of Georgian town planning.
Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece.
Many modern properties make good use of Georgian design features as well as the use of Georgian roof tiles that are hung both vertically and as a traditional roof covering.
Beachy Head is a chalk headland on the coast of East Sussex. It is situated close to Eastbourne, immediately east of the Seven Sisters.
Beachy Head is located within the administrative area of Eastbourne Borough Council which owns the land, forming part of the Eastbourne Downland Estate. The cliff is the highest chalk sea cliff in Britain, rising to 531 feet above sea level. The peak allows views of the south east coast towards Dungeness in the east, and to the Isle of Wight in the west. Its height has also made it one of the most common suicide spots in the world.
The name Beachy Head appears as Beauchef in 1274, becoming Beaucheif by 1317, and it actually has nothing to do with the word beach. Instead, it is a corruption of the original French words meaning beautiful headland. It was being consistently called Beachy Head by 1724.
In 1929, Eastbourne bought 4,000 acres of land surrounding Beachy Head to save it from development at a cost of about £100,000, this is equivalent to about £6,124,182 by todays standards. This land became known as the Eastbourne Downland Estate.
The prominence of Beachy Head has made it a landmark for sailors in the English Channel. It is noted as such in the sea shanty Spanish Ladies, when the lyrics state that the sailors sailed by Beachy.
The ashes of German social scientist and philosopher Friedrich Engels, one of the fathers of communism, were scattered off the cliffs at Beachy Head into the Channel, as he had requested.
Human remains discovered in the 1950s were later subjected to forensic reconstruction, carbon dating, and radioisotype analysis, and they were found to be those of a Roman woman of Sub Saharan African origin who grew up in the Eastbourne area in about 200-250 CE. She has become known as Beachy Head Lady.
Estimates of the number of annual deaths at Beachy Head vary from twenty people per year to many more. In 2010, it was the third most common suicide spot in the world, after the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco and the Aokigahara Woods in Japan.
The Beachy Head Chaplaincy Team conducts regular day and evening patrols of the area in attempts to locate and stop potential cliff jumpers. Workers at the pub and taxi drivers are also on the lookout for people contemplating suicide and there are signs with the telephone number of the Samaritans urging potential jumpers to call them.
The earliest reports of deaths by suicide at Beachy Head come from the 7th century. Between 1965 and 1979, there were 124 deaths at the location. Of these, 115 of them were almost certainly suicides, although a coroners verdict of suicide was recorded in only fifty eight of the cases, and that sixty one percent of the victims were from outside the East Sussex area.
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